Comparative Paper Essay

The welcome table and country lovers share the same theme but are adversely different in many ways, yet in some they are a lot alike. In this paper I will compare and contrast The Welcome table by Alice Walker and Country lovers by Nadine Gordimer. I will address how they both are written in form, context, and style. I will explain different literary elements the author’s used to give detail about the stories. The two stories being compared and contrasted are similar in that they both are written around the same theme, race, and ethnicity. They are also both written in third person. The two writers Alice Walker and Nadine Gordimer were both expressing stories of racial inequality. They also show the reader that when the story was written it was not allowed to have a white person and black person in a relationship. They also express how unequal it was for a white person compared to a black person. In â€Å"The welcome table† a black woman came up to the steps of a white church and the preacher of that church stopped her at the lobby and said â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church† (Clangston 2010).† In the story country lovers Thebedi and Paulus, the main characters, had grown up together and ended up having a sexual relationship. When Paulus finds out Thebedi had a light skinned child he kills it because a white and black relationship is not allowed. He is also ashamed about being in a relationship with her and denies all accusations against him. In country lovers the story is about a white male, Paulus Eysendyck, who is the son of a farmer, and Thebedi one of the black female workers on the farm. The story starts off with them as children playing together along with all the other children, but Paulus and Thebedi were closer than the others. As they grow up Paulus goes to school and brings Thebedi gifts and tells her stories about school. They eventually end up having a sexual relationship and Thebedi ends up pregnant. Paulus is away at school when she finds this information out along with finding out she is getting married to Njabulo a black male who also works for the farmer. Thebedi gets married and has the baby. Njabulo knows that the child is not his because it has straight hair and light colored skin, but still raises him as his own. Paulus returns from school and overhears the in house servants talking about the light skinned child. He then goes out to the living quarters to see it. He finds Thebedi and Njabulo’ s house and secretly kills the child. The author uses imagery, character, and third person point of view (bookrags.com) throughout this story. The author paints a very good picture for the reader by using very graphic details describing everything. She uses character to describe the people in the story. Nadine Gordimer writes the story in third person objective. She only speaks as an outsider looking down on the story unfolding. She does not tell the reader what the characters feel throughout the story. Using imagery she makes a visual image of the characters and setting. â€Å"down there hidden by the mesh of old, ant-eaten trees held in place by vigorous ones, wild asparagus bushing up between the trunks, and here and there prickly-pear cactus sinken-skinned and bristly, like an old man’s face, keeping alive sapless until the next rainy season†. (Country lovers Nadine Gordimer). This is one example of what the reader experiences throughout the story. In The welcome table the main theme is also about racial inequality. This story starts out with an old black lady standing on the stairs of a church. She walks into the church and the preacher says â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church?† as if one could choose the wrong one. (Clangston 2010). She just walks past him and sits down in the very back row of the church. All the white people sitting inside near the front starred at her in disbelief. The usher came up to her and told her she needed to leave she just waved him off and told him to go away. The white wives told their husbands to get her out of the church also. They acted quickly and went to her and put an arm under hers to pick her up and carried her out. The author told the reader about the smell the men had on their fingers after carrying her out. It was a musty smell from her under arms. While she was standing on the front steps she looked up the road and saw Jesus. She was excited waving her arms so he did not miss her. She started walking with him and talking to him explaining everything even singing at times. At the end of the story they never saw her again. Many people speculated that she had died walking along the road. Many people though she had family on the other side of the river, but no one knew for sure. The incident was never spoken of in the church again. Alice Walker used third person, character and imagery like Nadine Gordimer did also. Alice Walker used third person omniscient allowing you not just to observe the action, but to see inside the thinking of those involved. She described the main character in great detail. She described here clothing â€Å"the missing buttons down the front of her mildewed black dress.† She described her personal qualities more in depth. She described her eyes, skin, and smell. â€Å"Aged blue-brown eyes†, â€Å"she was angular and lean and the color of poor gray Georgia earth, beaten by king cotton and the extreme weather. Her elbows were wrinkled and thick, the skin ashen but durable, like the bark of old pines.† (Clangston 2010). She also used similes throughout her story. The author did paint a picture using imagery, but this time it was of the main character, not the setting like Nadine Gordimer did. To compare the two stories both authors used imagery, character, third person point of view, and shared the same theme. The theme of both stories is about racial inequality. Both stories involved a black female as main characters. Life in the days these stories were written was not what it is like now. The story The Welcome Table was written in a collection of stories between 1967 and 1973. (Bradley, D). The story Country Lovers was written in 1975 (Custodio, L). This story also won the literary Nobel Prize in 1991. (nobelprize.org). Life in this time was not equal at all. Blacks were looked at as to be less that white people. In most places blacks and whites could not eat in the same areas or use the same drinking fountains and in most cases as we see in The Welcome Table could not even go to the same church. These were called Jim Crow laws. (nps.gov) In Country lovers we see they definitely could not be in a relationship. Both authors used imagery to let the reader see what was going on in the story. They both used describing details. In the welcome table the author describes to use the frigid cold outside and inside the church. She also tells us about the color and texture of her clothing, even describing the greasy hair stain on the bonnet. She also tells the smell of the underarms of the old lady after the men pick her up to remove her from the church. In Country lovers the author also uses imagery to give the reader a visual image of the story. She describes how Njabulo has built his house, making the reader feel as if they were right there looking at it. â€Å"Thebedi appeared, coming slowly from the hut Njabulo had built in white man’s style, with a tin chimney, and a proper window with glass panes set in straight as walls made of unfired bricks would allow.† (Clangston 2010). Along with telling the reader how the hut was built the author also describes the setting down by the dried up creek with great detail. â€Å" It had always been a good spot for children’s games/ down there hidden by the mesh of old, ant-eaten trees held in place by vigorous ones, wild asparagus bushing up between the trunks, and here and there prickly-pear cactus sunken- skinned and bristly, like an old man’s face, keeping alive sapless until the next rainy season.† (Clangston 2010). Both authors used character in their stories. The characters were involved in racial inequality yet neither author said anything about race or inequality in their stories. In The Welcome Table the old black lady tried to attend a white church. Three different times she was told that she did not belong first by the preacher â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church?† (Clangston 2010). The second, by the usher, who had never turned anyone away for church, never thought he would ever have to turn anyone away, and also â€Å"whispered that she should leave† (Clangston 2010). The last time was when the white wives told their husbands to remove her and that they did. They picked her up under her arms as set her back outside. In Country Lovers the main character Thebedi is a worker on the Paulus’ family farm. She is a poor black child whose parents had worked on the farm also. In the beginning Thebedi and Paulus along with all the other children played together and it was ok. As they got older and Paulus went to school he brought Thebedi gifts but, none for the other workers and once again that was ok. It’s when they begin their sexual relationship that problems occur. When Thebedi gets pregnant by Paulus she refuses to tell him. It is when the baby is born and Paulus over hears the in-house servants talking about it that it became a problem for him. Paulus immediately goes down to the hut to see the baby for himself and sees that the baby is light skinned, green-eyed, and straight haired. He then becomes ashamed and says â€Å"I feel like killing myself† (Clangston 2010). The authors chose to write in third person point of view, which to the reader, in these stories, lets them see and get a better understanding of what is happening and also lets the reader form their own opinion of the situation. If Nadine Gordimer would have written her story in first person she would have only let the reader see and understand what Thebedi was seeing and feeling. This would have taken the story in a completely different direction. At the same time if Alice Walker would have told the story in first person the story would have been less â€Å"juicy† with details. To contrast the stories, the stories are written in different types of third person, using imagery the authors describe different parts in the story and the stories plots were completely different. In Country lovers the plot was a love story. In The Welcome Table the plot was an old black lady not being allowed in a white person’s church. The type of point of view used in Alice Walker’s story is third person omniscient which allows the reader to see the action but to know the feelings of those involved. She used this to let the reader feel and know what the main character was thinking and feeling, and at the same time still tell what everyone else is doing around her. By writing in this version of third person the story was more informative. Had she written the way Nadine Gordimer wrote her story the reader would not fully understand what the main character was feeling. The point of view in which Nadine Gordimer wrote her story is first person objective. First person objective is â€Å"an external narrator who takes a detached approach to the action and characters, usually to create a dramatic effect, and does not enter into their minds.† (Clangston 2010). By writing this way she made the story more dramatic and kept the audience guessing until the end. If Country lovers were written like The Welcome Table Paulus would not have been as much of an influence in the story as he is now. Using imagery the authors went two completely different ways. One described qualities of the main character and little about the setting the other described the setting at multiple times. Nadine Gordimer wanted the reader to be standing next to the characters, seeing and almost being able to feel the setting throughout the story. Alice Walker on the other hand, wanted the reader to see the qualities of the old lady. She wanted the reader to be able to visualize every wrinkle and weather beaten inch of the old lady’s body. Other items the authors did differently were similes and character names. The only character named in The Welcome Table was Jesus. In country lovers almost every character in the story was named. By doing this the author makes the reader create a picture of the characters and it helps them understand the story line better. The Welcome Table used more similes than Country lovers. Nadine Gordimer wrote the story as if it were unfolding in front of the reader’s eyes. Alice Walker wrote in a past tense type of way. She put different selections of words in to make it seem as if she was there and was telling it to a school class trying to make them think. Both of the literary works are short stories. The way they write involves setting and specific details. They do not use a lot of dialog between characters, which would be indicative of a play. Short stories are close to the being written like a play would. A play is written with multiple characters. They all have multiple lines that describe what the story is supposed to be betraying. There are multiple set or setting changes throughout plays. The setting changes coincide with acts. Acts break up a play into many different parts. They will lead the audience into the next set of events that is about to happen. Inside each act is a scene, multiple scene makes up one act. The way plays are written compared to the way short stories are written are very different yet close in some parts. When a play is written it almost like reading a conversation between the characters with some describing lines to give a setting. Both The welcome table and Country lovers are written in the same form as compared to a play. They both do not use acts or scenes in the stories. With that being said Country Lovers could be turned into a play with the details and characters used throughout it. The lack of dialog and setting details in The Welcome Table would make it very hard to be turned into a play. In Country Lovers the author describes the setting very well. This helps the reader visualize what is happening and what the characters are doing and how they are acting. In this paper I compared and contrasted many different ways of writing between Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer and The Welcome Table by Alice Walker. Both writers used the same theme, race and inequality. They also used many of the same literary terms. Some of which were the same however most of which were not. They taught us that there is not a specific way every term or type of writing had to be written, there are many different ways to write the same thing. The welcome table and country lovers share the same theme but are adversely different in many ways, yet in some they are a lot alike. Some examples I explained were imagery, point of view, and character. The theme may be the same but Country lovers and The Welcome Table do not share the same plot or story line. Every story paints a picture, yet some paint in different ways. I also described how the forms of the short stories are written compared to a play. Country Lovers was written in great detail of the characters and the setting. The Welcome table on the other hand lacks the qualities and elements that Country Lovers have. Which would make Country lovers much easier to turn into a play compared to The welcome table. References http://leecustodio.hubpages.com/hub/Country-Lovers-an-Analysis Explore  » Books, Literature, and Writing (105,185)  »Books and Novels (16,746) Clangston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://content.ashford.edu/books Bradley, David (1984). The New York Times. New York Times Company http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/04/specials/walker-story.html â€Å"Nadine Gordimer – Nobel Lecture: Writing and Being†. Nobelprize.org. 14 Aug 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/gordimer-lecture.html http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm The Welcome Table from BookRags and Gale’s For Students Series.  ©2005-2006 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation. All rights reserved.

Hp Swot Matrix

HP SWOT Strengths of HP 1. Global presence. 2. Strong brand image with high quality of product and service. 3. Providing customers service with specific technical support. 4. Successful Strategic Acquisitions. Hewlett-Packard has strong financial condition. Hewlett-Packard is a global company and became world’s biggest computer hardware. The growth of 26% in the Americas; 28% world-wide percent in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; and 16 percent in Asia Pacific and Japan with the broad-based global recovery (HP Annual Report, 2010).Hewlett-Packard is maintaining the No. 1 position in worldwide market share, as well as healthy average selling prices. Hewlett-Packard is differentiating through remarkable product design and customer experience from the range of high-end gaming PCs to sleek, powerful notebooks to fashion-inspired netbooks and innovative smartphones (HP Annual Report, 2010). Hewlett-Packard has its own support organizations to provide customers service with spec ific technical support.Hewlett-Packard can provide end-to-end IT solution, including infrastructure technology, business process outsourcing, technology support and maintenance, application development and support services and consulting and integration service. Hewlett-Packard continues on recognizing and capitalizing on strategic acquisitions. The company’s major mergers and acquisitions in recent past include Compaq Computer Corporation in 2002. In April of 2010, Hewlett-Packard announced to buy Palm for 1. 2 Billion. It increases its competitiveness therefore creates value for investors and customers of the company.Weaknesses of HP 1. Weak Market Segment Integration 2. Over rely on three-party supplier 3. R&D department has significantly less investments 4. Not comprehensive product portfolio HP lack presence in some segments. Comparing to its major competitors, such as Accenture, EMC and IBM, HP’s portfolio offers less significant on software product or manage con sulting services. Also, according to HP 2010 annual report, it has a great preformance on enterprise customer market but weak at small-scale market. HP over rely on three party supplier.HP's procurement expenditures for materials, manufacturing and assembly of HP's products all over the world. The suppliers includes contract manufacturers, electronic manufacturing services providers, original design manufacturers, and commodity suppliers. It is would be compliated and difficult to remain the relationships with the suppliers. HP invest less on R&D, compare to historical spending. HP does not develop the new technology for new product. Althoug HP has its brand smart phone, however, this properly attributes to the acquiring Compaq. For the smart phone technology, HP is leaved behind its competitors.Thus, they trend to acquire Palm. HP’s competitiveness mainly focus on 14. 1 inch notebook, however, the 15. 4 inch notebook is the current second largest market need. HP product line lack of attention on 15. 4 inch notebook. And also HP hardly focus to 13. 3 inch product. However, those size of notebook is the market need. It seems HP has not comprehensive product portfolio. Threats of HP †¢ Hyper-competition in IT market †¢ High bargaining power of Smartphone market †¢ Slowdown in economic conditions in US †¢ Foreign currency exchange rate Although Hewlett-Packard is maintaining the No. position in worldwide market share, some of the companies as a formidable competitor threatened in IT market such as Toshiba, Lenova Group and Aver. They compete in terms of price, quality, brand, technology, reputation, distribution and also range of other products. Hewlett-Packard wants to redevelop their Smartphone market, but they lack of this experience and technology. Hence, compare with Apple, Google, it still has a lot of space to improve and catch up. So this is the high bargaining power in Smartphone market when they want to expand this market.The economic slowdown has negatively affected many market segments, including information technology. Hewlett Packard has experienced this decline not only in the U. S. but also in its global markets. Worldwide spending on IT was predicted to decline by 4% in 2009. Foreign currency exchange rate is one of the external factors that we cannot expect. It is the big threat when foreign currency exchanges rate changes, it might influence the cost of production or the selling price in different countries. Opportunities of HP †¢ High growth rate of Smartphone market †¢ Change of lifestyle Change of consumer spending †¢ Innovation of 3C(Computer, Communication, Consumer Electronic) products The Smartphone market is having the high growth rate of nowadays. According to the researcher ISuppli Corp. , the global Smartphone shipments may increase 36 percent to 247 million in 2010. The high growth rate can reflect the demand of Smartphone is also high for customers. The lifestyle of p eople is change that they will more enjoy the online social with others. The online social is one part of daily life of many citizens. Internet is very important for citizen to keep connect with others online.The relative products were useful for them to keep online, such as Net-book, Smartphone. The spending custom of customer is change to spending more. They are more emphasized on the quality and function of the product more than price. The purpose of consumer is also change from useful to habit and symbolize of 3C products. The change of IT products is fastest of nowadays environment. The innovation of product and system improvement is very important for 3C products. The successful innovation product can be come a trendy of customer to buy and follow. Customers are easy to substitute the old product by new product in 3C product markets.

PDP-Learning diary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

PDP-Learning diary - Assignment Example Discussion in seminars is primarily based on individuals’ learnedness as well as oratory skills. In this paper, I have discussed how our previous learning experiences shape our tendency to gain further knowledge. People hold different views about intelligence and learning. Some believe that intelligence is a God gifted skill while others think that it is one of the skills that can be polished with hard work and attention. Although this is basically true, our previous learning experiences shape our perceptions of ourselves as learners. These perceptions primarily control our confidence and hence, the tendency to learn, though these perceptions keep evolving as we gain more experience. I used to think that I had a problem with my auditory skills when I was in the elementary school. It was not until I changed my school that I realized that the back benchers could not listen clearly in the previous school because of faulty classroom design. This realization inculcated great confidence in me, and the effort I previously exerted in hearing the lecture was now being utilized in understanding it. I felt like God has recreated my ears. This also had a significant impact on my grades that had changed for good. †¢ Block 2b: Reflection on essay feedback Recently, I have had the teacher’s comments on an essay that I had written. In this paper, I have reflected upon the teacher’s feedback.... I was taken aback with surprise. That was the loveliest day of my life. I felt so fulfilled. That trophy assured me that I had the talent to rock in the world of academia. I fundamentally attribute all my love for studies to that first trophy. I have consistently been a position holder since then. Yes, academic achievement reinforces positive attitudes in students. Block1b: Reflection on discussion in seminars Discussion in seminars is primarily based on individuals’ learnedness as well as oratory skills. In this paper, I have discussed how our previous learning experiences shape our tendency to gain further knowledge. People hold different views about intelligence and learning. Some believe that intelligence is a God gifted skill while others think that it is one of the skills that can be polished with hard work and attention. Although this is basically true, our previous learning experiences shape our perceptions of ourselves as learners. These perceptions primarily control our confidence and hence, the tendency to learn, though these perceptions keep evolving as we gain more experience. I used to think that I had a problem with my auditory skills when I was in the elementary school. It was not until I changed my school that I realized that the back benchers could not listen clearly in the previous school because of faulty classroom design. This realization inculcated great confidence in me, and the effort I previously exerted in hearing the lecture was now being utilized in understanding it. I felt like God has recreated my ears. This also had a significant impact on my grades that had changed for good. Block 2b: Reflection on essay feedback Recently, I have had the teacher’s comments on an essay that I had written. In this paper, I have reflected upon

M4A2 Leadership and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M4A2 Leadership and Ethics - Essay Example Given the constraints on time, three members of the Executive Committee of TESCO were interviewed. These members were Laurie McIlwee, Matt Atkinson and Alison Horner. Laurie McIlwee serves as TESCO’s Chief Financial Officer, a highly critical position for any business operation in the modern economy. McIlwee has a well rounded career with sizable foreign exposure in the United States, Middle East, Central Europe and the United Kingdom. The interviewee was chosen for his decision making proximity to Clarke. Matt Atkinson currently serves as TESCO’s Chief Marketing Officer and presents a diverse career ranging from service in Asia to the United Kingdom. Atkinson is in constant contact with Clarke, especially in order to deal with any ethical controversies that may arise out of the group’s actions. Alison Horner is currently serving as TESCO’s Group Personnel Director with her initial joining in 1999 as a Personnel Manager in TESCO. Horner has witnessed the g rowth of Clarke over the years from his previous positions to the current position of Group Chief Executive. 1. Describe the ethical issue faced by the organization and explain how your chosen leader handled it. Do you agree with the individual's strategies for resolving the issue? TESCO is one of the United Kingdom’s largest retail operations and has found itself in various ethical dilemmas over time. It has been argued that TESCO has developed a supply chain network that forces other competitors to the ground and does not allow new competition to enter the market. The allegations were investigated by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) but the possibility of TESCO’s monopoly was rebuked although there were concerns of TESCO’s large footprint in the industry (Office of Fair Trading, 2006). The organization’s leader allowed an investigation to take place without using any political influence or other forms of coercion. The investigation was carried out throu ghout the United Kingdom for all major retailers. The organizational leader ensured that all and any kind of information requested for the investigation was provided impromptu. In addition, TESCO has come under fire time and again for using suppliers exploiting cheap Bengali labor. TESCO’s suppliers are using labor that is paid roughly five pence every hour for an eighty hour week without any perks or benefits on the job (Ramesh, 2006). The allegations were not merely restricted to TESCO but to all major retailers operating in the United Kingdom (Label, 2006). In response to allegations of labor exploitation, TESCO’s leadership responded by stating that their suppliers were meeting the minimum national standards enforced in Bangladesh. The organization’s leader opined that all legal rules and guidelines were being met by both TESCO and its suppliers in Bangladesh so it did not make any sense to call these transactions as unethical. Moreover, the organizational l eader held that TESCO was providing jobs for millions in Bangladesh which was aiding poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Criticism has also been diverted towards TESCO on the issue of misleading price cuts projected through misleading advertisements. In order to bolster sales, TESCO reduced prices on unpopular items and slightly increased prices on popular items but advertised the overall sale as being uniform for all goods. In addition, TESCO’s buy one and get one free offers are speculated to increase wastage with special emphasis on food

The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on Crime and Criminal Justice Essay

The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on Crime and Criminal Justice - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the workforce behind criminal justice is getting diverse in the American society. The social structure of the American society has a major impact on the relationships that exist between ethnicity, crime and race. The human rights movements and criminal justice system has portrayed the American society as one full of inequalities between economics, ethnicities and race. The main reasons for civil rights movements in America have been consistent poverty and minority myth associated with the poor. The criminal justice system has associated the crime rates with the poor societies in America. Mostly, the civil rights movement has been the root of issues on crime war. Civil rights movement in America has had an impact about the judgment of actions and magnitude of crimes. There has been the issue of crime war in the American society. Inequality is often associated with criminal activities. The differential association, social strains, cultur al conflict, routine activities and social disorganization are often associated with crime. The criminal justice system has often associated ethnic minorities and race to the poor with the highest rates of crime. In the 1880s the African –American community was associated with almost all crimes. If an African-American man was found committing a crime, he was sentenced to jail with out a jury present. No African –American could sit in the jury because they had no voting rights. Seats in the juries were for only those Americans who had voting rights. This meant that only the whites could seat on the jury because they were the only Americans with the voting rights. When an African-American was convicted of crime in the nineteenth and twentieth century, he could spend longer jail periods and do more work than the whites. In prisons, the African –American convicts could be leased to employers who would in turn pay the state for their labor. Many of the whites in the nineteenth century were never convicted for extrajudicial killings and lynching they performed on the African-Americans. However, during the uprising of civil movements in the nineteenth century, the criminal justice system changed significantly. The black community formed the American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1964 that fought for equality and end to racism. The civil rights Act of 1964 saw the seating of African –Americans in the jury. Also the whites who committed crime were sentenced to jail depending on the magnitude of the crime. The civil rights movement in the American society was characterized by riots and disobedience. The civil rights movement used boycotts such as the bus boycott of Montgomery of 1956. The movement was also characterized by sit-ins aimed at ensuring the equality of all Americans in eyes of Justice. The civil rights movement had both positive and negative impact on the American society regarding crime. The civil rights movement has seen the improvement of American jails. The Congress, in response to the civil rights crusade enacted legislations that would eventually bring reforms within the American prisons. As a result, living standards within the American prisons have been improved and the prison system does not favor any citizen imprisoned. Stojkovic et al (363)notes that reforms in the prison department during the twentieth century was attributed to the civil rights movement .the changes were as a result of the civil society asking about the prison living conditions and the processes of jailing civilians. The civil rights movement has brought about major changes in criminal justice process and systems. The civil rights activists have often questioned whether the criminal justice system in is capable of restoring social order, maintain law and order and rehabilitate and control offenders with out discrimination. Innovations have been integrated in the criminal justice in the twentieth century due to challenges from the civil society. In 1967, the National

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in Essay

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in engines for transport, produce airborne emissions of environmental concern - Essay Example Acid rain is due to the presence in the atmosphere of SO2 and NOx which, after a series of reactions, are deposited as nitric and sulphuric acid in the form of rain. Particulate matter is known to cause serious respiratory diseases. Carbon sequestration is a method that allows the reduction of CO2 by capturing it at its source (e.g. a power plant) and storing it in non-atmospheric reservoirs such as geologic or oceanic reservoirs (Herzog). The Sleipner project is a working example of carbon sequestration technology. Off the coast of Norway in the North Sea, it is in fact the world's first commercial CO2 capture and storage project collecting about one million metric tons of CO2 each year since it was opened in 1996 (Sleipner CO2 project). The term "scrubber" is used to refer to a group of air pollution control devices that aid the removal of fine particles and/or gases (especially acid gases) from industrial exhaust streams. Scrubbers work by either physically removing substances from the exhaust gas stream or by chemically neutralising them so that they cannot do any harm once released into the environment. Wet scrubbing is used to clean gases from pollutants and particulates by putting in contact the exhaust gas stream with the scrubbing solution. The scrubbing solution can simply be water for the removal of dust or a chemical solution which contains reagents that can specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution. 2.2. Dry scrubbing Dry scrubbing is generally used to remove acid gases, such as SO2, primarily from combustion sources. All dry scrubbing systems consist of two main devices: 1) a device to introduce a solid sorbent material into the gas stream; and 2) a particulate control device to remove reaction products, excess sorbent material, any particulate matter already in the flue gas. 2.3. Seawater scrubbing The natural buffering capacity of seawater can be taken advantage of by using it as a sorbent in a scrubbing system. When SO2 comes into contact with seawater a reaction takes place between the SO2 and the CaCO3 present in the seawater, producing CaSO4 and CO2. This reaction is complete in a very short time, so the equipment required for seawater scrubbing can be compact. 3. NOx 3.1. Primary measures Primary measures can be applied pre-combustion. In Bowin low NOx technology, air and

Thorstein Veblen Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thorstein Veblen Paper - Essay Example In his first, famous book, the theory of Leisure Class, he coined the system of spending as being â€Å"conspicuous consumption†. He was intensely critical of businessperson concerning their greedy and the tendency of spending money for things, which are not even productive. Thorstein Veblen described the wealthy class using hyperbole and some humours in order to show hierocracies of people who are wealthy. This paper will try to analyze the impacts of economics that Thorstein Veblen has contributed to, in the field of the economics (Peil, 2009, p.121). Impact of Thorstein Veblen in the field of economics Veblen in the field of economics makes his readers aware of American small-scale, which was intensely competitive was giving its ways for the large-scale monopoly trusts. He further explained by emphasizing that the monopolistic practices administered prices, which meant that, there was a charge in what the traffic will bear; as well as, the limitations of producing high qual ity for the sake of raising the prices and maximizing the profits. However, the case of the emergence of the leisure class which led to wasteful as well as, conspicuous consumption for status. ... While technological knowledge to be the common stock that is held as well as, carried forward by the community collectively, but it is not a creative achievement of the individuals who are working in isolation of self-sufficiently (Veblen, 2004, p. 103). Veblen continued to argue that every new invention in addition to innovation comes in, to a given degree, which is made by individuals. However, he is a social individual because every change made must always be made by individuals who are immersed in a community plus exposing to disciplines of the group life because it runs in the community and all life are group life. Subsequently, welfares that are generated by the social wealth are substitutes to the material output; however, it is a necessary condition, which is suggested to be for the long-term developments of the material output (Krugman, 2009, p.124) The bonds of interaction may be fragile, while the human society may be at a lower level of development if there fails to be st ructures of the community as well as, trust. Technology knowledge has become a common theme that is used in economics today. However, the study shows that, in some states for example Kerala, which is in India, the social wealth provided a foundation for high standards of living but less Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. A similar notion that seemed to have the same meaning to that of Veblen was developed. The notion was all about the social structures of schools accumulations. The institution is that to be suitable for providing a reproductive foundation for the growth and accumulation, since social wealth is able to promote growth at the same time to be essential to dimensions of the quality life. He explains further by analyzing that when

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Case study - Essay Example Josephine and Connor are the parents of 18 month old boy named Taj. They were planning day care centre assistance for his development. They were concerned about his speech as he is not perfect in delivering up proper sentences. They are curious to know is this normal in all kids of this age or do their child having a problem. Sometime, it happens that parent’s don’t understand what their child exactly wants and they fail in understating his requirements/actions and sentences then it frustrates their child and he becomes stubborn. They are worried that if they use day care service then people will consider them bad parents who couldn’t control their child. Both were depressed due to their child behavior and are scared to have a day care service for their child. They are assuming that when their baby having issues at home then he will face issues at day care center as well. Sometimes, it happen that parent gets fail to understand a child’s actions/ sentences and this makes a child stubborn and frustrated. It’s a common issue with almost all kids that in early stages, they can’t deliver proper sentences and can’t elaborate their feelings. A child needs special care and attention in his childhood; parents need patience and love to understand his feelings in his childhood. In the above case, there are two issues related to child’s development. According to Jean Piaget, such issues can get solved by understanding child’s mental status and nature. As in childhood, children are neutral and they just do what they see. Such issues can be handled easily if parents deal them with patience and care. Understanding child’s mental approach helps a lot in understanding his actions. His insight plays a role of maturation (growing up gradually) in childrens rising capacity to explore their world: they cannot perform certain tasks until they become psychologically strong enough to do so. His work has spawned a big deal more, a great extent

Value of IT to Richer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value of IT to Richer - Essay Example It is important to mention that large firm considers information technology to have strategic value and is used for attaining or realizing long term strategies of firms. The case of Richter also reflects the same. The aim to privatize the organization was realized through the implementation of the SAP financial module of an enterprise wide system. The success of the strategy to privatize the organization depended largely on the accuracy of financial information collected. The decision to implement SAP depicts the true value of IT that Richter held in realizing its long term goal to privatize. One of the strategic objectives of Richter was to increase revenues and reduce costs of the company. This required greater focus on materials management and production planning processes. It is seen that the major large organizations are able to increase efficiencies of their production processes and materials management processes through the implementation of IT infrastructure. Similarly, the i nstallation of MM module or the materials management module and the PP module or the production planning module was intended to bring about efficiency enhancement and productivity improvement in the organization. This was complimented with the establishment of a decision support system consisting of two production experts through whom doubts could be clarified, regarding data, definitions, procedures or information retrieval. The role of IT in improving revenues and costs also shows its value in Richter in meeting long term goals. Although installing the two production modules involved a cost of $2.12 million which comprised of an investment of $775,000 in equipments and $1.35 million on labour expenses. However, the employment of the internal IT staff saved the organization an amount of $525,000. Governance styles in use at Richter The case of Richter reflects the use of value based style of IT governance. The operational approach to IT governance describes governance as being inte ntional activity having its own artifacts and lifestyles. The value based IT governance style is based on the approach that desired outcomes can only be achieved through value based decisions. It tries to reject unnecessary activities and focuses more on high value projects. The value based style of IT governance begins from Richter’s decision making process regarding all the governance issues with beginning of the strategic plan of the company (CGI, â€Å"CGI’s approach to driving business value within managed services engagements†). The plan was aimed to involve all IT specialists within the organization as well as the IT mangers. The plan was primarily meant to focus on how IT could provide support to the business processes in the pharmaceutical company by stipulating the maintenance projects, investments along with changes in the staffing requirements and IT infrastructures. The IT governance includes the four stages of planning, implementing, managing and a ssessing. The planning stage necessarily involves identifying the governance requirement needs such as the meeting of compliance needs, adherence to policies, enhancing business values and meeting the service levels. The planning process in Richter begins with communication with the IT leaders about the infrastructural issues in the forthcoming

MRIs and Other Issues in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRIs and Other Issues in Medicine - Essay Example An X-Ray is also used to image internal structures of the body, but opposed to an MRI, an X-Ray is a type of high-energy radiation. X-Rays are made of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between ultraviolet and gamma rays, and are most often used in low doses for making images of internal body structures and in higher doses for treating cancer. A CT Scan (CAT Scan) is again, another form of viewing the internal structures of a person's body. CT Scans are in fact a computerized series of X-Rays, which can reveal tumors and small strokes in the brain. A computer is used to generate a three dimensional image, which are then analyzed and displayed for diagnostic purposes. An MRI is most often used for studying nerves, muscles, ligaments, bones, and other tissues in the body. Problems such as a disc herniation in the spine or masses or tumors within soft tissues are seen well on an MRI image. MRIs are most helpful and most commonly used by orthopedic surgeons; an MRI is particularly helpful at diagnosing many common orthopedic problems. Therefore the most probable explanation as to why and MRI would be ordered is if orthopedic problems are perceived to exist in a patient. What Would it be an Appropriate Situation for an MRI not to be Done There are several proper explanations for why an MRI would not be ordered for a patient. Firstly, an MRI is not the most accurate test. Although an MRI is useful in the diagnosis of many conditions, it is not 100% accurate in all cases, which means sometimes the problem will not show up in the MRI. Another primary reason as to why an MRI might not be ordered is because an MRI is usually "not the first step." (Cluett, 2006). In other words, there are other steps which should be taken in an attempt to figure out the problem, rather than immediately ordering an MRI. Lastly but certainly no less importantly, is the fact that an MRI is only a diagnostic test, and not a treatment. "An MRI gives some people peace of mind, but will do nothing to change the symptoms of your condition." (Cluett, 2006). Are There any Limitations on an MRI Although MRIs have major technological advantages when compared to other imaging modalities, there are also certain limitations which are present. Disadvantages are there, such as the fact that because of the small bore of the magnet, some patients experience claustrophobia and often have difficulty cooperating in the study. As well, some obese patients cannot be studied by an MRI. Patient throughput is also slower than comparative imaging

Arithmetic Mean and Five-step P-value Approach Essay Example for Free

Arithmetic Mean and Five-step P-value Approach Essay A manufacturer of chocolate candies uses machines to package candies as they move along a filling line. Although the packages are labeled as 8 ounces, the company wants the packages to contain a mean of 8. 17 ounces so that virtually none of the packages contain less than 8 ounces. A sample of 50 packages is selected periodically, and the packaging process is stopped if there is evidence that the mean amount packaged is different from 8. 17 ounces. Suppose that in a particular of 50 packages, the mean amount dispensed is 8. 159 ounces, with a sample standard deviation of 0. 051 A. Is there evidence that the population mean amount is different from 8. 17 ounces? (Use a 0. 05 level of significance. ) B. Determine the p-value and interpret its meaning. 9. 27 In New York State, savings banks are permitted to sell a form of life insurance called savings bank life insurance (SLBI). The approval process consists of underwriting, which includes a review of the application, a medical information bureau check, possible requests for additional medical information and medical exams, and a policy complication stage in which the policy pages are generated and sent to the bank for delivery. The ability to deliver approved policies to customers in a timely manner is critical to the profitability of this service. During a period of one month, a random sample of 27 approved policies is selected, and the total processing time, in days, is recorded (and stored in insurance): 73 19 16 28 31 56 45 17 22 18 91 92 50 51 69 A. In the past, the mean processing time was 45 days. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean processing time had changed from 45 days? B. What assumption about the population distribution is needed in order to conduct the t test in (a)? C. Construct a boxplot or a normal probability plot to evaluate the assumption made in (b). D. Do you think that the assumption needed in order to conduct the t test in (a) is valid? Explain. 93. 1 One operation of a steel mill is to cut pieces of steel into parts that are used in the same frame for front seats in an automobile. The steel is cut with a diamond saw and requires the resulting parts must be cut within ? ± 0. 005 inch of the length specified by the automobile company. The file Steel contains a sample of 100 steel parts. The measurement reported is the difference, in inches, between the actual length of the teel part, as measured by a laser measurement device, and the specified length of the steel part. For example, a value of -0. 002 represents a steel part that is 0. 002 inch shorter than the specified length. A. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean difference is not equal to 0. 0 inches? B. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean, Interpret this interval. C. Compare the conclusions reached in (a) and (b). D. Because n= 100, do you have to be concerned about the normally assumption needed for the t test and t interval? 9. 45 In recent year, the Federal Communications Commission reported that the mean wait for repairs for ATT customers was 25. 3 hours. In an effort to improve this service, suppose that a new repair service process was developed. This new process, used for a sample of 100 repairs, resulted in a sample mean of 22. 3 hours and a sample standard deviation of 8. 3 hours. A. Is there evidence that the population mean amount is less than 25. 3 hours? (Use a 0. 05 level of significance. ) B. Determine the p- value and interpret its meaning. 9. 47 You are the manager ot a restaurant that delivers pizza to college dormitory rooms. You have Just changed your delivery process in an effort to reduce the mean time between the order and completion of delivery from the current 25 minutes. A sample mean of 22. 4 minutes and a sample standard deviation of 6 minutes. A. Using the six- step critical value approach, at the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the population mean delivery time value of 25 minutes? B. At the 0. 05 level of significance, use the five-step p-value approach? C. Interpret the meaning of the p- value in (b). D. Compare your conclusions in (a) and (b). 9. 53 The U. S. Department of Education reports that 46% of full-time college students are employed while attending college (data extracted from The Condition of Education 2009, National Center for Education Statistics, nces. ed. gov). A recent survey of 60 full-time students at Miami University found that 29 were employed. A. Use the five- step p-value approach to hypothesis testing and a 0. 05 level of significance to determine whether the proportion of full-time students at Miami University is different that the national norm of 0. 6. B. Assume that the study found that 36 of the 60 full-time students were employed and repeat (a). Are the conclusions the same? 9. 55 One of the issues facing organizations is increasing diversity throughout the organization. One of the ways to evaluate an organizations success at increasing diversity is to compare the percentage of employees in the organization in a particular position with a specific background to the percentage in a position with that specific background in the general workforce. Recently, a large academic medical center determined that 9 of 17 employees in a particular position were female, whereas 55% of the employees for this position in the general workforce were female. At the 0. 05 level of significance, is there evidence that the proportion of females in this position at this medical center is different from what would be expected in the general workforce? 9. 57 One of the biggest issues facing e-retailers is the ability to reduce the proportion of customers who cancel their transaction after they have selected their products. It has been estimated that about half of prospective customers cancel their transactions after they have selected their products (data extracted from B. Tedeschi, E- Commerce, a Cure for Abandoned Shopping Carts: A Web Checkout System That Eliminates the Need for Multiple Screens, The New York Times, February 14, 2005, p. C3). Suppose that a company changed its Web site so that customers could use a single page checkout process rather than multiple pages. A sample of 500 customers who had selected their products were provided with the new checkout system.

A chiropractic office Essay Example for Free

A chiropractic office Essay A chiropractic office lost all of its computer data, and I was hired for the amount of time that it would take me to type up all of their hard copies into their new computer system. It took me a total of two weeks to type up a three-foot stack of papers. The skills required were mainly typing and editing skills, and sometimes I had to be able to read the doctor’s handwriting. I felt that no further motivation was necessary regarding skill level, since I am a quick, accurate typist and I enjoyed learning about various alternative health remedies as I went along. I completed the entire stack of papers by myself, and I found the solitary work to be relaxing and enjoyable. I felt that my job was, indeed, meaningful since many of the papers were standard legal forms or alternative health information or recipes for kidney stones or other ailments. At any given point in time, I was either directly assisting the chiropractic office or the patients thereof. Since I was a friend of the chiropractor and a trusted member of the staff, I was given full autonomy to complete my assignment on my time, at my discretion and on my schedule. That motivated me to do a stellar job in a short amount of time. Afterward, everyone was impressed by the quality of work I did, but especially the short amount of time in which I did it. I felt satisfied and like I accomplished something worthwhile and in an efficient manner. Â  I will use this same chiropractic office as my next example. An example of strategic planning is when the chiropractor refers the patient to their next appointment, telling them what needs to be checked up on or corrected next time. In this manner, he is not leaving it up to the patient to decide, but recommending a timeframe for when they should return. In this manner, for as long as the patient needs his help, he is providing himself continuing clientele. An example of functional-level planning is when he hired me to type up his paperwork or hired a receptionist to take care of patient evaluation and scheduling of appointments. In this manner, he is allowing himself to give the patients his full, undivided attention which will heal them faster, and allocating other work responsibilities to other people. In this way, he remains organized and punctual. The differences in decision making between the chiropractor and, say, his receptionist is drastic. If the receptionist were to determine when a patient was finished with treatment, a patient could be over-treated or under-treated and lose a lot of money, which would be spread by word-of-mouth and cost the business lots of money. And if the chiropractor made it his responsibility to take care of the tax reports, he would spend hours away from his treatment table, when he could be taking walk-ins or checking the status of a patient’s healing.

Analysis of effluents in chemical industry

Analysis of effluents in chemical industry Abstract: This report deals with effluent samples obtained from a Ceramic Industry, and analysis for their physicochemical properties, metallic and non-metallic ions. These parameters were compared with established international standard issued by EHS Guidelines. The heavy Ceramic Industry is an important source of pollutants to the environment. Ceramic wastewaters not only contain high suspended and total solids but also significant amounts of dissolved organics resulting in high BOD or COD loads. The method of testing for these parameters, and consequent laboratory results have been illustrated here with reference to their effect on the surrounding environment. The need for an in depth analysis and measurement of effluents, as a primary step towards wastewater treatment, has been established. Introduction Manufacturing industries are under continuous surveillance to adhere to environmental standards of pollution and control. In such situations, instead of viewing regulatory controls as extremely restrictive, they can exploit it to their benefit. By projecting itself as pro-environment, the company can work up a positive image and gain advantage against its competitors. From an economic point of view, by finding alternate methods of waste treatment, the company can save costs on disposal procedures. By recycling its wastes, the industry can also cut down on their raw material consumption. These are but a few reasons why chemical industries should devote their research and technology towards effluent analysis. Only by an assessment of their wastes, the industry would be able to focus on the method of treatment required. Waste Effluent and Environment Impact Effluent analysis and monitoring systems should be implemented for all activities that may be recognized as having potential impact on the environment. Waste treatment and effluent disposal usually depends on a combination of dilution, dissipation, physical, chemical and biological means as a technique to achieve treatment. Inappropriate sitting of treatment plants, ponds and effluent disposal systems can cause nuisance to residents, compromise sensitive landscapes and natural habitats. The potential for nuisance depends on a number of variable factors including prevailing and seasonal weather conditions, topography, separation distances from residences and public facilities, the quantity, concentration and the type of effluent and the nature of the receiving water environment. These factors are required to be assessed in an integrated way when an application for waste treatment and effluent disposal system is considered Importance of Measurement The most common disposal methods are landfill and to a lesser extent incineration. Each year approximately 111 million tonnes of controlled waste (household, commercial and industrial waste) are disposed of in landfill sites in the UAE. Some waste from sewage sludge is also placed in landfill sites, along with waste from mining and quarrying. As landfill waste decomposes, methane is released in considerable quantities. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Furthermore, the leachate fluids formed from decomposing waste can permeate through the underlying and surrounding geological strata, polluting groundwater which may be used for drinking water supplies. Containment landfills however, can limit the spread of this waste leachate. Initially, Environment Protection Agencies came up with test methods so as to determine the amount of waste effluents released by an industry and the pollution caused by it to the environment. They intend to limit the amount of chemicals that can be hazardous if left in a final effluent and released into the surroundings. In addition to this, an accurate analysis of the effluents gives an estimate of the kind of treatment and machinery required by the industry for its treatment. It is important to determine the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for every industry so that the effluents released by them to the environment is within permissible limits. Ceramic Industry Release of waste effluents to the environment is one of the main problems of the ceramic industry. Environment issues related to ceramic industry mainly include waste water and solid wastes. Production of ceramics consumes a lot of energy, especially for the operation of a kiln for its grinding operations. Wet milling, though being the preferred method of grinding, releases waste slurry. The ingredients in glazes and the clay body itself are toxic and could be carcinogenic in their raw form. Process wastewater is mainly generated from cleaning water in preparation and casting units, and various process activities like glazing, decorating, polishing, and wet grinding. Process water is characterized by its turbidity and coloring due to very fine suspended particles of glaze and clay minerals. The potential pollutants of concern include suspended solids (e.g. clay and insoluble silicates The effluent sludge primarily contains: SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O Fe2O3 TiO2 MgO CaO K2O Other elemental impurities like Lithium, Strontium, Barium and Manganese are also present. Apart from these inorganic substances, it contains biologically degradable organic matter. Emission and Effluent Guidelines The following table gives the emission and effluent guidelines for the ceramic industry as provided by the General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines Document. The chemical concentration of the effluent should not exceed those mentioned below: Deviation from these levels in consideration of specific, local project conditions should be justified in the environmental assessment. Test Parameters pH Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Total Suspended Solids Oil and Grease Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Heavy Metals, Major Metals and Trace Elements pH (Power of Hydrogen) It is the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions. It is measured with an ion-sensitive electrode which responds to hydrogen activity. Conductivity Conductivity is the degree to which a water sample can carry an electric current. The magnitude of the conductivity of a sample is a function of the amount of ions present in the sample. High conductivity can be an indicator of excessive mineralization from either natural or industrial sources. The measure of conductivity is also a good screening test which helps determine which additional testing is required. Total Solids Total Solids in an effluent is the measure of the suspended particles and dissolved substances in it. The suspended particles consist of the particulate matter that is retained by a filter and the solids that pass through the filter forms the dissolved substances. It gives an indication of the salinity, turbidity and conductance of the effluent. ie. TS = Total Dissolved Solids + Total Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) include minerals, salts, cations, anions dissolved in water. To measure TDS, The sample is filtered first and the filtrate is heated in a dish till all the water evaporates leaving behind a residue. The weight of the empty dish should be determined previously. The dish along with the residue is measured again and the difference in weight gives the TDS of the sample. Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) are solid materials suspended in water that can be trapped by a filter. To measure TSS, the effluent sample is passed through filter of preferably 0.45 micrometers. The filter weight should be determined previously. The residue on the filter is dried at around 100o C till all the water evaporates and the weight is measured again. The difference in the weight of the filter gives the TSS of the sample. Experimental Values of the Sample Prior to Treatment pH = 6.72 Salinity = 0.7 Conductivity = 1.67 S /Â ·m TSS = 2970 mg/L TDS = 1665 mg/L Total Solids = 4455 mg/L (BOD/COD to be performed) Biological Oxygen Demand Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. Since it is a measure of the quantity of oxygen required for biodegradation, it can be used to detect the amount of bio-degradable matter. BOD is measured by either Dilution Test (BOD5) and Manometric Test. BOD5 is the most widely used method of testing. Apparatus: 300 ml BOD bottles 2 5 liter glass bottle with siphon. 20 Â ± 1Â °C incubator DO meter Burette Nutrient Solutions: Phosphate buffer : Dissolve 8.5 g KH2P04, 21.75 g K2HP04, 33.4 g Na2HP04Â ·7H20, and 1.7 g NH4Cl in approx. 500 ml reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. The pH should be 7.2. Store in 4Â °C refrigerator. Magnesium sulfate solution : Dissolve 22.5 g MgSO4Â ·7H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L Calcium chloride solution : Dissolve 27.5 g CaCl2 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. Ferric Chloride solution : Dissolve 0.25 g FeCl3Â ·6H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. Sample Preparation Test the effluent sample for residual chlorine. If detected, employ de-chlorination techniques and check again pH of the sample should be between 6.5- 7.5. As needed, dilute the sample with 1 N Sulfuric Acid or 1 N Sodium Hydroxide. To prevent loss of oxygen during incubation of these samples, the DO should be reduced by shaking the sample or aerating it with filtered compressed air. Blank Samples Dilution water may be prepared immediately before use, or, except for the addition of the phosphate buffer, days or weeks ahead of time. 1 ml of each nutrient solution is added per liter of dilution water. The phosphate buffer is the critical nutrient in stimulating contaminating growths so it must be added the day the water is to be used. Distilled water should be allowed to equilibrate in the incubator or with outside air for at least 24 hours at 20Â °C before use. To avoid dust or dirt contamination while allowing oxygenation, use a paper towel, cotton plug, or sponge to cover the bottle opening. The BOD bottle is filled by slowly adding sufficient dilution water so that the stopper can be inserted without leaving an air bubble Completely fill two BOD bottles with dilution water to be incubated as blanks. Incubation and Dissolved Oxygen Determination Calibrate DO meter each day of use and check membrane of probe. Record the barometric pressure each day of analysis. Determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and all sample bottles Place the samples and the 2 dilution water blanks in a 20 Â ± 1Â °C incubator for 5 days. Fill water seals with dilution water and cap to reduce evaporation from seals. Check daily, add water to seals if necessary. Before removing the caps, pour off the water above the cap. After 5 days, determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and the sample bottles. Calculation The BOD is calculated using the difference between the initial and final dissolved oxygen levels in the sample. This value is multiplied by the dilution factor which is the ratio of bottle volume to sample volume. Chemical Oxygen Demand The determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is widely used in municipal and industrial laboratories to measure the overall level of organic contamination in wastewater. The contamination level is determined by measuring the equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in the sample. COD differs from BOD in that it measures the oxygen demand to digest all organic content, not just that portion which could be consumed by biological processes. A COD test measures all organic carbon with the exception of certain aromatics (benzene, toluene, phenol, etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction. COD is a chemically chelated/thermal oxidation reaction, and therefore, other reduced substances such as sulfides, sulfites, and ferrous iron will also be oxidized and reported as COD. NH3-N (ammonia) will NOT be oxidized as COD. COD can be measured by the closed reflux titrimetric method and the closed reflux colorimetric method Reactor: The heater, or reactor, is used to obtain fast organic reactions. Since it is vital that the reaction take place at 150Â °C (Â ±2Â °C) for 2 hours it is important to ensure accurate pre-heating.. The reactor is equipped with a timer to notify the operator when the reaction is completed. Titration: A sample is refluxed in strongly acidic solution with a known excess of potassium dichromate (K2Cr207). After digestion the remaining unreduced K2Cr207 is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate to determine the amount of K2Cr207 consumed and the oxidizable matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent. This procedure is applicable to COD values between 40 and 400 mg/L. Higher COD values can be obtained by careful dilution or by using higher concentrations of dichromate digestion solution Colorimetric: When a sample is digested, COD material in that sample is oxidized by the dichromate ion. The result is the change in chromium from the hexavalent (VI) to the trivalent (III) state. Both chromium species exhibit a color and absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum. In the 400 nm region the dichromate ion (Cr2072-) absorbs strongly while the chromic ion (Cr3+) absorbs much less. In the 600 nm region it is the chromic ion that absorbs strongly and the dichromate ion has nearly zero absorption. This method covers the ranges from 0 to 15000 mg/L 02 0- 150 mg/L near 420 nm 0-1000 (1500) mg/L near 600 nm 0-15000 mg/L near 600 nm The US Environmental Protection Agency specifies that the only acceptable reportable measuring method for COD is the colorimetric dichromate method. Advantages in using this method include high accuracy, certifiable results and abate chloride interference. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is widely used as a means of measuring the organic strength of domestic and industrial wastes. This test allows measurement of a waste in terms of the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. It is based upon the fact that all organic compounds, with a few exceptions, can be oxidized by the action of strong oxidizing agents under acid conditions. The amino nitrogen will be converted to ammonia nitrogen. However, organic nitrogen in higher oxidation states will be converted to nitrate. During the determination of CID, organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide and water regardless of the biological assimilability of the substances. For example, glucose and lignin are both oxidized completely. As a result, COD values are greater than BOD values and may be much greater when significant amounts of biologically resistant organic matter is present. Wood-pulping wastes are excellent examples because of their high lignin content. One of the chief limitations of the COD test is its inability to differentiate between biologically oxidizable and biologically inert organic matter. In addition, it does not provide any evidence of the rate at which the biologically active material would be stabilized under conditions that exist in nature. History of the COD Test Chemical oxidizing agents have long been used for measuring the oxygen demand of polluted waters. Potassium permanganate solutions were used for many years, and the results were referred to as oxygen consumed from permanganate. The oxidation caused by permanganate was highly variable with respect to various types of compounds, and the degree of oxidation varied considerably with the strength of reagent used. Oxygen-consumed values were always considerable less than 5-day BOD values. This fact demonstrated the inability of permanganate to carry the oxidation to any particular end point. Ceric sulfate, potassium iodate, and potassium dichromate are other oxidizing agents that have been studied extensively for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Potassium dichromate has been found to be the most practical of all, since it is capable of oxidizing a wide variety of organic substances almost completely to carbon dioxide and water. Because all oxidizing agents must be used in excess, it is necessary to measure the amount of excess remaining at the end of the reaction period in order to calculate the amount actually used in t he oxidation of the organic matter. It is relatively easy to measure any excess of potassium dichromate, an important point in its favor. In order for potassium dichromate to oxidize organic matter completely, the solution must be strongly acidic and at an elevated temperature. As a result, volatile material originally present and those formed during the digestion period are lost unless provision is made to prevent their escape. Reflux condensers are ordinarily used for this purpose and allow the sample to be boiled without significant loss of volatile organic compounds. Certain organic compounds, particularly low molecular weight fatty acids, are not oxidized by dichromate unless a catalyst is present. It has been found that silver ion acts effectively in this capacity. Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridine are not oxidized under any circumstances. Chemical Oxygen Demand By Dichromate Potassium dichromate is a relatively cheap compound that can be obtained in a high state of purity. The analytical-reagent grade, after drying at 103 oC, can be used to prepare solutions of an exact normality by direct weighing and dilution to the proper volume. The dichromate ion is a very potent oxidizing agent in solutions that are strongly acidic. The reaction involved in the usual case, where organic nitrogen is all in a reduced state(oxidation number of -3), may be represented in a general way as follows: CnHaObNc + dCr2O2-7 + (8d +c)H+ nCo2 + (a+ 8d-3c)/2 H2O + cNH+4 + 2dCr3+ Where d = 2n/3 +a/6 b/3 c/2. For these and other reasons, dichromate approaches an ideal reagent for the measurement of COD. Selection of Normality COD results are reported in terms of milligrams of oxygen, Since the equivalent weight of oxygen is 8 g, it would seem logical to use a N/8 or 0.25 N solution of oxidizing agent in the determination so that results can be calculation in accordance with the general procedure. Experience with the test has shown it has sufficient sensitivity to allow the use of a stronger solution of dichromate, and a N/4 or 0.25N solution is recommended. This allows the use of larger samples by doubling the range of COD that can be measured in the test procedure, since each milliliter of a 0.25 N solution of dichromate is equivalent to 2 mg of oxygen. In any method of measuring COD, an excess of oxidizing agent must be present to ensure that all organic matter in oxidized as completely as is within the power of the reagent. This requires that a reasonably excess be present in all samples. In it necessary, of course, to measure the excess in some manner so that the actual amount reduced can be determined. A solution of a reducing agent is ordinarily used. Nearly all solutions of reducing agents are gradually oxidized by oxygen dissolved from the air unless special care is taken to protect them from oxygen. Ferrous ion is an excellent reducing agent for dichromate. Solutions of it can be best prepared from ferrous ammonium sulfate which is obtainable in rather pure and stable form. In solutions, however, it is slowly oxidized by oxygen, and standardization is required each time the reagent is to be used. The standardization is made with the 0.25N solution of dichromate. The reaction between ferrous ammonium sulfate and dichromate may be represented as follows: 6Fe2+ + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Blanks Both the COD and BOD tests are designed to measure oxygen requirements by oxidation of organic matter present in the samples. It is important, therefore, that no organic matter from outside sources be present if a true measure of the amount present in the sample is to obtained. Since it is impossible to exclude extraneous organic matter in the BOD test and impractical to do so in the COD test, blank samples are required in both determinations. Indicator A very marked change in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) occurs at the end point of all oxidation-reduction reactions. Such changes may be readily detected by electrometric means if the necessary equipment is available. Oxidation-reduction indicators may also be used; Ferroin (ferrous 1,10-phenanthroline sulfate) is an excellent one to indicate when all dichromate has been reduced by ferrous ion. It gives a very sharp brown color change that is easily detected in spite of the blue color produced by the Cr3+ formed on reduction of the dichromate. Calculations Although an oxidizing agent is used in the measurement of COD, it does not figure directly in the calculation of COD. This is because a solution of reducing agent must be used to determine how much of the oxidizing agent was used, and it is simpler to relate everything to the reducing agent in this case, because its strength varies from day to day and its normality is seldom, if ever, exactly equal to 0.25N. Calculation of COD is made using the following formula : COD(mg/L) = 8000 (blank titr. sample titr.) [norm. Fe(Nh4)2(SO4)2] mL sample Methods to Reduce Hazardous Waste Generation The COD test can generate a large volume of liquid hazardous waste. In the past, common practice was to dilute completed samples with tap water and discharge them down the drain with a good flushing of water. This meant that considerable quantities of acid, chromium, silver, and also mercury (added for chloride complexation) could reach a treatment plant and perhaps surface waters. For this reason, drain disposal is now discouraged and sometimes prohibited, and so spent solutions must be stored, packaged and disposed into approved hazardous waste storage sites. It is possible to reduce this problem by recovering silver and mercury from the samples, but this requires proper permitting. In order to reduce this problem, alternate procedures can be used. Standard Methods now offers two closed reflux methods in which smaller sample and reagent volumes are used. Refluxing here is conducted in sealed containers. However, the principles are essentially the same as in the more historical open -reflux method. In order to maintain sufficient sensitivity with the reduced volumes, the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant is reduced. In one variation, a colorimetric rather than a volumetric procedure is used. This takes advantage of the change during organic oxidation from orange color of Cr(VI), which absorb at 420 nm. Measurements of color change from sample oxidation at either wavelength can be used for quantification. Although costs of prepared reagents for the closed flux COD procedures from commercial companies tend to be high, many analysts prefer them in comparison with reagents for the conventional reflux procedure because of their easy in use and reduction in quantities of resulting waste chemicals requiring disposal. While these considerations tend to support the use of the closed reflux procedure, a similar variation can be made with the open reflux procedure as well. Here, for example, a 10 mL rather than a 50mL samples can be used. In this case, only 5 mL of dichromate solution is added together with only 15 mL of Ag+ amended concentrated sulfuric acid. By reducing the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant from 0.25 N to 0.025 N, suitable sensitivity can still be maintained. The sample reflux apparatus as used with larger samples works satisfactorily here. With this modification, only one-fifth of the volume of waste solutions are generated, and little sacrifice in analytical precision is made. Inorganic Interferences Certain reduced inorganic ions can be oxidized under the conditions of the COD test and thus can cause erroneously high results to be obtained. Chloride causes the most serious problem because of its normally high concentration in most wastewaters. 6Cl- + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 3Cl2 +2CR3+ + 7H2O Fortunately, this interference can be eliminated by the addition of mercuric sulfate to the sample prior to the addition of the other reagents. The mercuric ion combines with the chloride ions to form a poorly ionized mercuric chloride complex Hg2+ + 2Cl- HgCl2 (aq) In the presence of excess mercuric ions the chloride-ion concentration is so small that it is not oxidized to any extent by dichromate. Nitrite ix oxidized to nitrate and this interference can be overcome by the addition of sulfamic acid to the dichromate solution. However, significant amounts of nitrite seldom occur in wastes or in natural waters. This also holds true for other possible interferences such as ferrous iron and sulfide. Application of COD Data The COD test is used extensively in the analysis of industrial wastes. It is particularly valuable in surveys designed to determine and control losses to sewer systems. Results may be obtained within a relatively short time and measures taken to correct errors on the day they occur. In conjunction with the BOD test, the COD test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the presence og biologically resistant organic substances. The test is widely used in the operation of treatment facilities because of the speed with which results can be obtained. BOD Vs. COD To measure oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) relies on bacteria to oxidize readily available organic matter during a five-day incubation period. COD uses strong chemicals to oxidize organic matter. Generally, COD is preferred to BOD for process control measurements because results are more reproducible and are available in just two hours rather than five days. By the time you have the results from a five day test, the plant conditions are no longer the same, so real time monitor and control cannot be relied upon by the use of BOD. COD is a quick and easy and the process at the wastewater treatment plant can be optimized and controlled with real time accuracy. BOD simulates the actual treatment plant process by measuring the organic material microorganisms can oxidize. Although COD is comparable to BOD, it actually measures chemically oxidizable matter. The COD test is not a direct substitute for the BOD test; however, a ratio usually can be correlated between the two tests. This requires COD versus BOD testing over a specified period of time. For industrial samples, COD is the only feasible test because of the presence of bacterial inhibitors or other chemical interferences, which would interfere with a BOD determination. Many industrial laboratories find that parallel COD and BOD testing is beneficial because the COD test can be used to target a specific BOD range. Conclusion The Ceramic Industry is a major source of pollutants to the environment. Industrial Wastes unless treated pose a threat to the environment and are extremely hazardous if left untreated. Hence evaluation of the same is of utmost important. The composition of the effluents should fall within the Emission Limit Values as specified by EHS Guidelines. Analysis of effluents forms the primary phase of Wastewater Treatment. It indicates the type of treatment required and gives an estimate of the machinery and infrastructure to be laid. Only through a thorough assessment the industry would be able to gauge the various possibilities of treatment and recycling. Summary and Future Research The study so far has identified the importance and need for effluent analysis as the first step towards treatment systems. The chemical composition of effluents released from the Ceramic Industry have been estimated and their ELVs mentioned. The tests and methods of analysis have been explained in depth and simulated in the laboratory so as to determine the chemical concentration levels of the effluent sample prior to treatment. Further tests will include an analysis of the treated samples and verification with the standard values issued by EHS Guidelines. In addition, ICP atomic spectroscopy will be used to identify the presence of elemental contaminants and a report of the same will be provided to the Ceramic Company for their reference. Bibliography Metcalf Eddy, Inc., George Tchobanoglous, Franklin Burton, H. David Stensel, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill. Lenore S. Clescerl, Arnold E. Greenberg, Andrew D. Eaton, Standard Methods for Examination of Water Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Ceramic Tile and Sanitary Ware Manufacturing (pdf). M.L. Nollet, Handbook of Waste Analysis, 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill Publications. Sawyer, McCarty Parkin, Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th edition. McGraw-Hill Publications. Importance of Quantitative Measurements Quantitative measurements serve as the keystone of engineering practice. Environmental engineering and science is perhaps most demanding in this respect, for it requires the use of not only the conventional measuring devices employed by engineers, but, in addition, many of the techniques and methods of measurement used by chemists, physicists, and some of htose used by biologists. Every problem in environmental engineering and science must be approached initially in a manner that will define the problem. This approach necessitates the use of

A Tibetan Perspective on Birth and Death Essay -- Death Religion

Many religions and philosophies attempt to answer the question, what happens after a person dies? Some religions such as Christianity and Islam believe there is an afterlife. They believe that good and moral people enter Heaven or paradise and that bad and immoral people go to Hell. Other religions and cultures believe that death is final, and that nothing happens after a person dies. Buddhism and Hinduism have a different idea about death. Both of these religions originated in India. Buddhists and Hindus believe that death is not final. They believe that a person comes back after he or she dies. This process is known as reincarnation, and it provides opportunities for people to enter the world multiple times in different forms. Buddhists and Hindus want to reenter the world as humans, and they want to improve their status through reincarnation. In ancient India, many members of lower casts wanted to come back as members of higher casts. While this is an important goal of reincarnati on, the main goal is to reach either moksha (Hinduism) or nirvana (Buddhism). In other words, the goal is to reach a point of spiritual enlightenment that removes the person from the reincarnation process. Geoff Childs, an anthropologist examines the views of the Buddhist religion by studying the lives of the people in Tibetan villages. He looks at issues that adversely affect these people such as infant mortality. He carefully looks at the lives of people who have been left behind by deceased loved ones, and he pays careful attention to customs and traditions surrounding death. Tibetan Buddhists view death as a means of reaching spiritual perfection, and they seek to reach this level of spiritual perfection through living spiritually meaningful lives.... ...eath is is not a cessation in Buddhism. Death can be seen as a new beginning. A new opportunity to reach spiritual perfection. Infant mortality is a difficult subject to talk about for many Tibetan parents. Survivors are often faced with poverty and other extreme hardships after the loss of a loved one. However, Buddhism provides great comfort to survivors by teaching that Earthly bodies are impermanent. Tibetan cremation procedures place great emphasis on reincarnation. Tibetan views about death are focused on nirvana and spiritual perfection. These practices are spiritually meaningful for both the living survivors and the dead. Works Cited 1 Geoff Childs Tibetan Diary From Birth to Death and Beyond in a Himalayan Valley of Nepal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004) 41.  2 Ibid., 54.  3Ibid., 54.  4 Ibid., 54  5 Ibid., 146.  6 Ibid., 147.

Things They Carried Essay: A Cultural Studies Approach to Enemies

A Cultural Studies Approach to "Enemies" in The Things They Carried Two men who fight over a jackknife in "Enemies", a chapter in Tim O'Brien's work, The Things They Carried. A cultural studies approach to "Enemies" allows the reader to look much deeper into the meaning of the events that unfold in "Enemies". The fight over the knife could very well reflect the events occurring in society during that time. In short, "Enemies" is about two men, Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen, who are battling not only in a war but with each other. They were viciously fighting about a missing jackknife. A question that the reader might ask themselves is, why were they fighting over a jackknife? Did it have some special sentimental meaning? These questions cannot be answered; they can only be left to wonder. Vietnam was a very mentally and physically strenuous war to fight. At any given point any soldier could snap. That is exactly what happen...

Essay example --

MSA University Faculty of pharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology PM 203 Name: Dina Ahmed Abd El Fattah Hegab ID# 111797 Group: C Under Supervision of: Dr. Reham Wasfy â€Æ' Disinfectants Disinfectants Can be applied to any non- living objects ; as this substance can destroy the microorganisms living on its surface. The Bacterial spores is kind of resistant to the Disinfection , it doesn't necessarily kills it, thus not necessary kills all the microorganisms. Unlike the sterilization – that is extreme physical (and/or) chemical process that kills all types of life- it is less effective in results. Disinfectants are not like any other antimicrobial agent as antibiotics that kills the microorganisms living inside the bodies or the antiseptics that kills the microorganisms on a living tissue it is even not like biocides that don't just kills the micro organisms, but also kills all types of life. Disinfectants simply cause damage to the microbe cell wall or it interferes with its metabolism. More about Disinfection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Disinfection are by nature toxic to human beings and animals, as most of the modern Disinfection contains the substance bitrex which is considered to be the bitterest substance ever, this substance is used as a safety measure and is added to discourage the ingestion. Disinfectant Types can be divided into two main groups; which are oxidizing and non- oxidizing. 1- Oxidising disinfectants : It works by the oxidization of the microorganism's cell membrane; this leads the cell to death. In the oxidizing disinfectants both the components oxygen and chlorine exists heavily, as they are both strong oxidizers. 2- Non-oxidising disinfectants: It operates by disturbing the phospho-lipid molecules that make- up the ... ... to be kept in a temperature of 16  °C to 18 °C for 24 hours then leave it to be chilled for 1 hour before starting the test. References: 1- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-types.aspx 2- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-tests.aspx 3- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/ahd-2000-menu-item 4- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/2013-02-02-09-45-28 5- Wikipedia, Available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant 6- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at: http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/lysoforminspezial

The Ride I Will Never Forget

The ride I will never forget . waking up on sunny day where sun shined bright in my face, I thought to myself, it is time to wake up. It was the middle of the summer somewhere at the end of July. It was not an ordinary day for me. I spent the night at my friends house because the night before we went down town to spend time with our friend's. That night, we shared alcoholic beverages which made the night a little more relaxed. When it was time to go home I realized that I could not drive.I asked my friend to drive us home, but I could never have known that this ride would be unforgettable. My friend suggested that we stay at his house. † And I agreed. To show my appreciation I offered buy him sushi for lunch so we took my mom's car to the restaurant. On the way, traffic, so I thought to myself if I overstep the law, I could save us some time by going the wrong way down a one – way. As I thought we were good and no one saw it, I hear sirens and see police lights flashing from a distance.I was devastated and felt my heart crunching inside of me. During that moment I did not know what to do. I did not have a drivers license nor registration for the car, and there was a possibility that I still had alcohol in my system from the previous night out. The officer took off his helmet and got off from his motorcycle, and as he was walking towards our car I had a hundred thoughts in my mind, but none were good or helpful in figuring out a reason for my action. I looked to my friend and said,† I'm in so much trouble. ‘ He was just staring to me with an open mouth with nothing to reply to that. As the officer came to the car, I rolled down the window, and the words coming from him were,† license and registration please ! † I had nothing to give him. He was surprised and asked, what was I doing in car with no license and registration. I explained the situation and how I got in this trouble, to which he replied that he may have take the ca r and, I would not be able to get a license for two years.My friend's license would be taken away too, as well as we would both be fined . In that moment I was just shaking and desperate for a chance. I had one last I idea in my mind which was to bribe the officer. I looked up to him and asked if he would like to eat lunch. He thought for few seconds, and replied ,† how much are we talking about ?† So we agreed that he would follow me to my home, where I would give him the money. At that moment I felt as if a mountain had fallen off of my back. I was relieved and thankful that it all went the way I wished.When I went to give the officer the money, and he sad,† it's alright, I don't need it ,† and said that I could keep it ! I was so thankful that he was so generous I just put the money in his folder and thanked him. The officer took off and I went in the house with my friend. I fell in the chair and laid there for ten minutes. I could not believe that everyth ing was alright. I looked up to my friend and told him,† let's order sushi ! † This story made me realize how careful I need to be and to never try something like that again.

The case of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler, a dreaded learn in the 20th century, was an Austrian-born German political leader and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, popularly referred to as Nazi party.He was an original autocrat and led Germany from 1933 to 1945 both as a chancellor and head of state. Hitler was a veteran of the Second World War. As he rose to absolute power, he gained support by propping up German nationalism, anti-capitalism, anti-communism and anti-semitism using both his tempt oratory and sackt.He sparked World War II in Europe when he re-armed Germany and invaded Poland in 1939. Hitler wed his long-time mistress Eva Braun at the f altogether of Berlin in 1945, but to invalidate being captured by the Soviet army, the devil act suicide less than cardinal days newr (Joachim, 1974).But his regime has left oer(p) many un causeed questions, even among psychoanalysts. The natural heartlessness that marked Nazism and the final solution beats non only system of l ogic but in like manner human understanding. It re important a puzzle how Germans collectively went bug out of their minds under Hitler and perpetrated one of the greatest horrors in tale.During the war, Hitler-led Nazi forces engaged in uni take in cruel acts. This embroil the systematic collide with of up to 17million civilians, close six million of whom were Jews targeted in the Holocaust. roman print victims be approximated to be up to 1.5 million, magical spell others included the disabled, ethnic Poles, homosexuals, Soviet civilians and Jehovahs Witnesses.But was Hitler in his right senses as he oversaw all this? I believe not so. He is believed to have suffered from a mental disorder, especially Borderline Per word of honorality Disorder (BPD).BDP principally involves prolonged disturbance of in-personity go bad in persons over the age of 18 years, although it is sometimes found in adolescents. It is typified by depth and inconsistency of moods.It normally invol ves antidromic levels of instability in mood, black and discolour thinking, chaotic and unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, identity, and fashion as tumefy as a regular disturbance in the patient ofs sense of self. This disturbance can, in severe cases, lead to periods of dissociation. (American Psychiatric Association, 2001).The disturbances can eventually have an insidious veto impact on much of the psychosocial nerve of life and without proper therapy, self-harming is often an exposed possibility. (Gunderson, 2001). An insight into Hitlers life shows a manifestation of the various components of this disorder.This is attributable to claims that he had empty human relations, was inflexible and single-minded, had no human feelings, oversaw malevolent demeanour, and eventually committed suicide, among others (Toland 1991).Emotional torture seems to have been one of the main reasons behind Hitlers situation, and his subsequent inhumanity. at that place is a str ong correlation among child abuse and development of BDP. bulk of BPD patients unremarkably have a history of abuse and neglect as spring chicken children, especially if they were franticly, physically, verbally, or sexually mis cut acrossed by parents. Loss of a angel dust or loved one could alike be a central circumstanceor. (Gunderson, 2001).And this could answer the origin of Hitlers condition. The loss of a younger brother, Edmund, to measles in 1900 caused unending convinces in Hitler. He transformed from a confident, outgoing son who found classify easy, to a depressed, sullen and detached boy who always battled his own tiro and his teachers.As a child, Hitlers also suffered abuse that included brutal sadistic beatings as well as constant verbal sphacelus by his father Alois Sr. He once even tried to overlook from home by constructing a freshet with friends, and his father beat him so savagely that the dad even imagination he killed his son (Dorpat 1999).Hitle rs mother was on her part depressed and forlorn about her marriage and felt guilt over her incestuous bond with Alois. She also failed to discipline Hitler and contain his tempers.It is this abuse and neglect, and his parents stimulated withdrawal from him that may possibly have make Hitler suffer from BDP at a tender age. This trauma subsequently left him sternly unprepared for social, academic and job-related pursuits. (Waite, Robert, 1993)With BDP deemed to be a result of a problem with delirious dysregulation, experts have even developed dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), a method of cognitive therapy in BPD treatment. Yet, central to the success of this therapy is the prison term that BPD is a biological disorder exemplified by sharp sensitivity to emotion and amplified emotional intensity.Other experts believe that any biological components of BPD are probably related to changes that occur on a biological level as a result of emotional and psychological trauma. (Li nehan, 1993).This biological perspective could thus also effectively correlate Hitlers emotional distress with his disorder. Some existing writings further suggests that traits related to BPD are influenced by genes.People with BPD influenced by genes often have a close relative with the disorder, although Hitlers fathers brutal treatment of his son does not suffice a destination that he suffered from this disorder as well. The diagnosis of this disorder in Hitler could thus relieve could strange behavior that was so feature of him later in his life.Individuals with BPD are highly sensitive to the manner in which others treat them and often react strongly to sensed disapproval or hurtfulness. Their self-image can change swiftly from exceedingly positive to extremely negative. They often resort to impulsive behaviors that include drug abuse and general recklessness. And this was mark of Hitler.He was addicted to amphetamine after the late summer of 1942. This went in tandem w ith his sadistic, malevolent, and antisocial behavior clearly depicted in the Holocaust and the World War II. He also showed signs of stickting. He held an image of himself as ostentatious omnipotent and triumphant on one side and felt inferior, condition and defeated on the other, making his behavior very erratic. (Dorpat 1999).It is believed the diagnosis of this disorder accounts for Hitlers ruthless and destructive personality transformation and lack of human feelings. It also explains the circumstance that he was distant, self-contained, withdrawn and without friends.The cognitive looking at of BDP is to an extent manifested in the form of quasipsychotic or micropsychotic symptoms among those suffering from this disorder. These symptoms include inner voices express them to commit suicide, depersonalization and paranoid feelings.This usually prevails in the defeated side of the split and is fanned vulnerability, despair and self hatred. The fact that Hitler went on to comm it suicide probably shows a direct manifestation of the cognitive component of BDP. (Heston, 1980).And these symptoms are often check using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This form of therapy involves a therapist engaging with a client in a care to change both behavior and thought patterns. Hitler was nonetheless never subjected to this therapy.In conclusion, it is evident that BDP took bell shape on Hitlers emotions and served as the origination for his malevolence and anti-social behavior. The disorder, perhaps coupled with several(prenominal) other mental challenges, resulted in clear-sighted psychiatric problems and played a major role in molding his personal behavior, which depicted a man not in charge of himself.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2001) ledger of Psychiatry.Dorpat,L.Theo, M.D.(1999). Trauma to Malevolence.CambridgeMIT.Gunderson,G.J (2001). Personality Disorder capAPP.Heston L. Leonard, M.D. (1980). Adolph HitlerDoctors and Drugs. N.Y.Preston.Jo achim, C. (1974). Hitler .NYPrenticeJohn, T (1991), Adolf Hitler N.YDoubleday.Linehan,M.M (1993). Borderline Personality. N.YOUPWaite, R.(1993). Adolf Hitler. N. Y DaCapo